Chapter Three CWISA-102

Wireless IoT Network Uses Cases

Below you will find the key ideas from Chapter 2 of CWISA-102.

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

These wireless network includes devices within the body and wearables electronics . In May of 2012 the FCC adopted a proposal to allocate 2360-2400 MHz for MBAN (Medical Body Area Networks). Devices that operate in 2360-2390 MHz range must be within a healthcare facility (indoors) and must send specific data to a frequency coordinator.

The operation in the 2390-2400 band does not require registration or coordination and is permissible in all areas, including residential settings. These devices can be employed outside medical facilities.

Wearable and implant technologies typically utilize alternative frequencies, such as RFID, which can be implanted in humans and pets, often operating in the ISM band. RFID technology is commonly employed for access and identification purposes.

Also called Body Area Network (BAN).
Medical Body Area Network (MBAN).
Body sensor network.
10 cm to 1 meter range.
Includes:
a) Bluetooth
b) RFID
c) NFC
d) Propetary

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

A WPAN offers hands-free connectivity and communication within a limited range and with restricted throughput capacity. Additionally, they facilitate small-scale mesh-type wireless networks, such as those implemented with Zigbee technology. Operating in the 2.4GHz band, Bluetooth technology may potentially interfere with WLAN technologies like DSSS, HR-DSSS, ERP, and HT (802.11n). Nevertheless, the introduction of adaptive frequency hopping technology, available since Bluetooth 1.2, aids in minimizing, if not entirely eliminating, such interference.

1 meter to 10 meters range
Includes
a)Bluetooth
b)RFID
Propietary

Wireless Area Local Networks (WLAN)

WLANs are designed to cover homes, offices, buildings for campus environments. They provide mobility and nomadic ability.

100 meter to 300 meters.
802.11.
Zigbee.
Z-Wave.
802.15.4
6LoWPAN
WirelessHart
ISA 100.11a
4g/5g Cellular

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)

WMANs distinguish themselves from WLANs by typically not being implemented by the organization desiring network usage. Instead, they are commonly deployed by a service provider, and access to the network is leased by each subscribing organization.

WWiMAX stands out as a frequently cited WMAN technology. Based on the IEEE 802.16 Standard, WiMAX can offer speeds of up to 130 Mbps and incorporates Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms.

Wireless Wide Area Network (WWANs)

Wide area networks (WANs) are commonly utilized to interconnect Local Area Networks (LANs). When LANs are situated at a considerable distance from each other, WAN technologies such as Frame Relay, DSL, and IDN may be employed for connectivity.

In the case of Wireless WAN (WWAN), wireless connections are established from each of your LANs to the backbone network. The distinctive feature of WWAN technologies compared to WLAN, WPAN, and WMAN is that a WWAN link aggregates multiple communication channels and transmits them across a single WAN link.

The internet of the things.

ChatGPT

The term «Internet of Things» (IoT) is commonly used to refer to connected devices that operate without relying on a traditional user interface, such as a laptop, smartphone, or tablet. These devices are prevalent in various sectors, including industry, wearables, healthcare, retail, education, and more.

The five knowledge areas of IoT:

End Devices: Sensors
Aggregators: Software that transform device data into useful information
Communication Channels: The data transmission, wireless or wired
eUtility: Software or Hardware for support (databases, analytics)
Decision Trigger: Actuators

IoT Client Architectures:

Non-OS Architecture: Specially devices with completely custom code from the ground up, requiring a few KB RAM.
Realtime-OS Architecture: Basic operation system with developer APIs requiring a few KB RAM.
Language-Runtime Architecture: Fuller operating systems supporting scripting languages like Python and JavaScript requiring hundreds of KB RAM.
Full-OS Architecture: Embedded Linux or Windows operating systems allowing HTTP-base communication requiring few MB RAM
App-OS Architecture: Android or IOS devices supporting the app model requiring hundreds of MB RAM
Server-OS Architecture: Devices that run a WEB-Server supporting Node.js for development.
Container-Os Architecture: Depends of platform capable enough to run containers as Dockers.

Industrial Internet of the Things

Centralizes Analytics.
New Business Opportunity.
Safer and more productive work.
Process and behavior monitoring.
Process and resources optimization.
Improved decision making.

IoT for Connected Devices

V2I Vehicle to Infrastructure: The technology capture data from the vehicle and provides information about the infrastructure to the driver. The V2I communicates information about safety, mobility and environments-related conditions.
V2V Vehicle to Vehicle: The technology communicates information about speed and position surrounding vehicles through a wireless exchange of information. The goal is to avoid accidents, ease traffic congestion and have a positive impact on environment.
V2C Vehicle to Cloud: This allows the vehicle to use information from other networks, through the cloud connected industries like energy transportation
V2P Vehicle to Pedestrian: The technology senses information about its environments and communicates it to other vehicles, infraestructure and personal mobile devices. This enable the vehicle to communicate with pedestrians and is intended to improve safety and mobility on the road.
V2X Vehicle to Everything: The technology interconnects all type of vehicles and infrastructure systems with another. This connectivity include cars, highways, ships, trains, and airplanes.

Wireless Sensors Networks

A wireless sensors networks is a term used for a group of dedicated sensors that monitor and record their environment. These devices typically process the data with a central server. WSN are utilized for monitoring sounds, temperature, moisture, wind, soil condifiton. The most common standards in use for WSN are Thread, Zigbee, Z-wave, and LORAs. Thread and Zigbee operate within the 2.4 GHz ISM band at data rates up to 250 kbps. Z-wave operates at 915 MHz in the USA and 868 MHz in the EU at Lowe data rates around 50 kbps

Residential Wireless

Challenges in residential

Construction Material.
Coverage Area area unpredictable.
Co-channel contention.
Limited channel selection.
inability to disable legacy data rate

Retail Wireless

Inventory Management, location awareness, connecting with costumers, and point of sale are just a few of the ways.

Challenge in Retail

Co-channel contention.
Changing wireless environments.
The proximity of neighboring networks.
Regulatory VISA/CISP

Backward compatibility

Poor drivers and implementations by partners.

K-12 Education Wireless

Challenge in K-12 Education

The density of client devices per room
Co-Channel contention.
Applications requirements (Multicast, Intra-BSS communications)
BYOD

Higher Education Wirelss

In college and university environments, wireless technologies include everything form K-12 and add in elements of enterprise networks and home networks. In some universities the sports areas, football stadiums, and hospital are also part of the campus and wireless network. When Hospitals are part of the campus, they bring all of the HIPAA and hospital requirements as prat of the campus.

Agriculture Wireless (Smart Agro)

Even in agriculture, wireless technologies are becoming more and more valuable.

Challenge in Smart Agro

Device Support.
Coverage.
Weather.
Mouting Locations.

Wireless technologies are utilizes in tractors for automatization. John Deere released a tractor that can navigate fields without driver steering it. RFID tags can be used on horses, cows, or other livestock to track their locations. Cameras are utilized to monitor traffic conditions and traffic flows.

Metro Wireless (Smart Cities)

Backhaul.
Environmental (Weather).
Co-Channel contention
High Noise Floor.
Equipment mounting locations.

Health Care Wireless

Hospitals have wireless workstations and tablets similar to office environments and many that are unique to them. Nurses require the power of desktop computers in a mobile platform.

Challenges in Health Care Wireless

Device Support.
Proper design.
Co-Channel Contention.
Access to Area for site survey / Installation.
Compliance / Regulatory HIPAA.
Coexistence of point solutions.

Enterprise Wireless

Office buildings are becoming more intelligent, incorporating increased automation and performance monitoring. Wireless connectivity, sensors, and devices are strategically deployed throughout many buildings. The sensors in these smart buildings gather data from various points, transmitting it to a database, and an analytics system processes this information to automate actions. These actions may involve controlling lighting, HVAC systems, electricity usage, cameras, and more

Hospitality Wireless

Hotels have long served as a nexus between the home and office environments, integrating technology from both realms to enhance safety and convenience. The wireless experience within a hotel begins as soon as you enter the building, with Wi-Fi readily available. This internet access enables guests to connect to their homes, offices, or any other online resource. Wireless technology is employed for door locks within hotel rooms. Once inside the room, wireless connectivity allows guests to stream content from their devices to the TV and print documents. Hotels leverage wireless location services to monitor the movement of luggage carts. Wireless communication is also utilized to track the progress of housekeeping in rooms and determine when supplies are needed.

Stadiums, Arenas and Large Public Avenue

Challenges in Stadiums, Arenas and Large Public Avenue

Co-Channel Contention.
High Duty Cycle.
Limited Usage Times.
Equipment, Mounting, Location and Cabling.

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