Below you will find the key ideas from Chapter 2 of CWISA-102.

IoT History

• 1999 Internet of things term first used.
• 2005 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Published IoT report.
• 2008 Considered the “birth” of IoT.
• 2008 First International IoT conference in Zurich.

Why do Organization Implement IoT

1. Safety 24%
2. Make Money 35%
3. Save Money 54%

IoT Verticals Markets

• Industry.
• Oil & Gas.
• Human IoT/ Wereables.
• Health Care.
• Retail.
• Education.
• Transportation.
• Smart Buildings.
• Smart Agro.
• Smart City.

Five Factors of IoT

1. Decentralized Intelligence:
   a) Smart things have more local control.
   b) Intelligence in the Machine.
   c) Controlled by policies.
2. Rapid Connectivity:
   a) Speed of data transfer is essential to Real-Time Context Integration and Autonomous behavior.
3. Open Standards and Systems.
   a) Improve integration with new Technologies.
   b) Simple integration between IT and OT.
4. Real time Context-Integration.
   a) Instant data Analisys.
   b) No delay in effecincy adjustment.
5. Autonomous Behavior
   a) Adaptation to products needs.
   b) Adaptation to customer needs.

Platform-Based IoT

1. Software: Use Case Logic, Rules, Control, Policies, APIs.
2. Operating Systems: Hardware Abstractions, APIs.
3. Hardware:Sensors, Actuators, Compute, Storage, Networking.

Large Scale IoT projects are often best implemented base on:

• Select a Platform.
• Locate vendors supporting the platform.
• Implement the solution.

Practical IoT

To get the benefit from IoT, the entire ecosystem must be present. Wireless solutions provide the interconnection between the IoT devices and the monitoring, alert and control devices.

Greenfield vs Brownfield

A greenfield IoT deployment exists when no other systems requiere integrations. The choice of products is typically solely based on desired features and capabilities. (Home, Small business, Agriculture, Hospitality)

A brownfield deployment includes other systems that requiere integrations and/or coexistence.

IoT Models

Application
Network
Perception

1. The sensing or Perception: Layer at the edge of the IoT where the IoT hardware or sensors is attached to the communications, usually wireless links, where data is gathered from the source relevant to a specific IoT use-case.
2. The communication or Network: Network layer which handles data transportation. This could be data transmitted between the sensors, gateways, networks, servers, and end users devices.
3. The interface or Application: It handles the insight and decisions made in accordance with the business use case at the top of the stack.

Three-Tier Architecture

1. Edge Tier.
2. Plattform Tier.
3. Enterprise Tier.
   

IoT Hardware

The most Familiar component, responsible for sensing/perception layer of IoT is the IoT hardware itself. On a high level, the components of a wireless IoT must include:

1. Communication Module: Enables a smart device to communicate over a wired o wireless connection.
2. Microcontroller: Defines the function and behavior of the smart device. This usually contains two different types of memory ROM and RAM. The ROM stores the software code that defines the function that the devices carries out, while the RAM is utilized for temporary variables and data that is processed by the Software.
3. Sensor/Actuators: Give the smart object an interface to collect data and interact with systems.
4. Power source: Provide power for the electric/electronic operation of the smart object. The most common are: Batteries, Lithium cell, AC, DC, PoE.

IoT Security

Top IoT device Security problems:

• Open Ports.
• Poor authentication.
• Unencrypted updates.
• Internet-base Attacks.

Wireless and IoT

1. Bluetooth: The IEEE standardized the lower layers of Bluetooth based Wireless Personal Networks on the PHY and MAC Layers as the 802.15.1
2. ITU-T G.9959 : Provides a standard for PHY and MAC layers for short-range narrow-band digital radio communication transceivers. The Z-Wave Protocol utilizes the ITU-T G9959 while the upper layer are maintained by Z-Wave Alliance.
3. IEEE 802.15.4: Provides PHY/MAC standards for low rate WPAN. Wireless IoT protocols like ZigBee use a subset of the PHY and MAC layers it defines.
4. IEEE 802.11: Provide PHY/MAC standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN).

Connected Objects

1. CO-to-CO: A primary connected device can be talking to a secondary connected device since the secondary is offering a hop closer to eat central system. This is refers as Machine to Machine communication (M2M)
2. CO-to-Service: A connected device can be talking to a service, usually in the application layer in order to relay the data so that it becomes actionable. At the same time a service can return data to CO for an automated action or monitoring purpose.
3. Co-to-User: This is where interface, the input and output can happen.
4. User-to-Service: A user can feed the service their specific preferences, KPI, APIs or “If This Then That”” (IFTTT)